A roadmap for implanting microelectrode arrays to evoke tactile sensations through intracortical microstimulation.

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is a method for restoring sensation to people with paralysis as part of a bidirectional brain-computer interface to restore upper limb function. Evoking tactile sensations of the hand through ICMS requires precise targeting of implanted electrodes. Here we describe the presurgical imaging procedures used to generate functional maps of the hand area of the somatosensory cortex and subsequent planning that guided the implantation of intracortical microelectrode arrays. In five participants with cervical spinal cord injury, across two study locations, this procedure successfully enabled ICMS-evoked sensations localized to at least the first four digits of the hand. The imaging and planning procedures developed through this clinical trial provide a roadmap for other brain-computer interface studies to ensure successful placement of stimulation electrodes.

Aperiodic EEG and 7T MRSI evidence for maturation of E/I balance supporting the development of working memory through adolescence.

Adolescence has been hypothesized to be a critical period for the development of human association cortex and higher-order cognition. A defining feature of critical period development is a shift in the excitation: inhibition (E/I) balance of neural circuitry, however how changes in E/I may enhance cortical circuit function to support maturational improvements in cognitive capacities is not known. Harnessing ultra-high field 7 T MR spectroscopy and EEG in a large, longitudinal cohort of youth (N = 164, ages 10-32 years old, 347 neuroimaging sessions), we delineate biologically specific associations between age-related changes in excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA neurotransmitters and EEG-derived measures of aperiodic neural activity reflective of E/I balance in prefrontal association cortex. Specifically, we find that developmental increases in E/I balance reflected in glutamate:GABA balance are linked to changes in E/I balance assessed by the suppression of prefrontal aperiodic activity, which in turn facilitates robust improvements in working memory. These findings indicate a role for E/I-engendered changes in prefrontal signaling mechanisms in the maturation of cognitive maintenance. More broadly, this multi-modal imaging study provides evidence that human association cortex undergoes physiological changes consistent with critical period plasticity during adolescence.

Evaluation of the performance of a 7-T 8 × 2 transceiver array.

The decoupled 8 × 2 transceiver array has been shown to achieve a mean B1 + of 11.7 uT with a coefficient of variation of ~11% over the intracranial brain volume for 7-T MR imaging. However, this array may be thought to give lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and higher g-factors for parallel imaging compared with a radio frequency (RF) receive-only coil due to the latter's higher coil count and use of coil overlap to reduce the mutual impedance. Nonetheless, because the transceiver's highly decoupled design (pertinent for transmission) should also be constructive for reception, we measured the noise correlation, g-factors, and SNR for the decoupled transceiver in comparison with a commercial reference coil. We found that although the transceiver has half the number of receive elements in comparison with the reference coil (16 vs. 32), comparable g-factors and SNR over the head were obtained. From five subjects, the transceiver versus reference coil SNR was 65 ± 10 versus 67 ± 15. The mean noise correlation for all coil pairs was 10% ± 5% and 12% ± 9% (transceiver and reference coil, respectively). As changes in load impedance may alter the S parameters, we also examined the performance of the transceiver with tuned and matched (TM) versus untuned and unmatched (UTM) conditions on five subjects. We found that the noise correlation and SNR are robust to load variation; a noise correlation of 10% ± 5% and 10% ± 6% was determined with TM versus UTM conditions (SNRUTM/SNRTM = 0.97 ± 0.08). Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the array in human brain using T2-weighted turbo spin echo imaging, finding excellent SNR performance in both caudal and rostral brain regions.

Map-based B0 shimming for single voxel brain spectroscopy at 7T.

While B0 shimming is an important requirement for in vivo brain spectroscopy, for single voxel spectroscopy (SVS), the role for advanced shim methods has been questioned. Specifically, with the small spatial dimensions of the voxel, the extent to which inhomogeneities higher than second order exist and the ability of higher order shims to correct them is controversial. To assess this, we acquired SVS from two loci of neurophysiological interest, the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC; 8 cc) and hippocampus (Hc; 9 cc). The rPFC voxel was placed using SUsceptibility Managed Optimization (SUMO) and an initial B0 map that covers the entire cerebrum to cerebellum. In each location, we compared map-based shimming (Bolero) with projection-based shimming (FAST(EST)MAP). We also compared vendor-provided spherical harmonic first- and second-order shims with additional third- and fourth-order shim hardware. The 7T SVS acquisition used stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) TR/TM/TE of 6 s/20 ms/8 ms, a tissue water acquisition for concentration reference, and LCModel for spectral analysis. In the rPFC (n = 7 subjects), Bolero shimming with first- and second-order shims reduced the residual inhomogeneity σ B 0 from 9.8 ± 4.5 Hz with FAST(EST)MAP to 6.5 ± 2.0 Hz. The addition of third- and fourth-order shims further reduced σ B 0 to 4.0 ± 0.8 Hz. In the Hc (n = 7 subjects), FAST(EST)MAP, Bolero with first- and second-order shims, and Bolero with first- to fourth-order shims achieved σ B 0 values of 8.6 ± 1.9, 5.6 ± 1.0, and 4.6 ± 0.9 Hz, respectively. The spectral linewidth, Δ v σ B 0 , was estimated with a Voigt lineshape using σ B 0 and T2 = 130 ms. Δ v σ B 0 significantly correlated with the Cramer-Rao lower bounds and concentrations of several metabolites, including glutamate and glutamine in the rPFC. In both loci, if the B0 distribution is well described by a Gaussian model, the variance of the metabolite concentrations is reduced, consistent with the LCModel fit based on a unimodal lineshape. Overall, the use of the high order and map-based B0 shim methods improved the accuracy and consistency of spectroscopic data.

N-Acetylaspartate and Choline Metabolites in Cortical and Subcortical Regions in Clinical High Risk Relative to Healthy Control Subjects: An Exploratory 7T MRSI Study.

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline (Cho) are two brain metabolites implicated in several key neuronal functions. Abnormalities in these metabolites have been reported in both early course and chronic patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). It is, however, unclear whether NAA and Cho's alterations occur even before the onset of the disorder. Clinical high risk (CHR) individuals are a population uniquely enriched for psychosis and SCZ. In this exploratory study, we utilized 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to examine differences in total NAA (tNAA; NAA + N-acetylaspartylglutamate [NAAG]) and major choline-containing compounds, including glycerophosphorylcholine and phosphorylcholine [tCho], over the creatine (Cre) levels between 26 CHR and 32 healthy control (HC) subjects in the subcortical and cortical regions. While no tCho/Cre differences were found between groups in any of the regions of interest (ROIs), we found that CHR had significantly reduced tNAA/Cre in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to HC, and that the right DLPFC tNAA/Cre reduction in CHR was negatively associated with their positive symptoms scores. No tNAA/Cre differences were found between CHR and HC in other ROIs. In conclusion, reduced tNAA/Cre in CHR vs. HC may represent a putative molecular biomarker for risk of psychosis and SCZ that is associated with symptom severity.

Intravesical Contrast-Enhanced MRI: A Potential Tool for Bladder Cancer Surveillance and Staging.

This review article gives an overview of the current state of the art of bladder cancer imaging and then discusses in depth the scientific and technical merit of a novel imaging approach, tracing its evolution from murine cancer models to cancer patients. While the poor resolution of soft tissue obtained by widely available imaging options such as abdominal sonography and radiation-based CT leaves them only suitable for measuring the gross tumor volume and bladder wall thickening, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resolution imaging (DCE MRI) is demonstrably superior in resolving muscle invasion. However, major barriers still exist in its adoption. Instead of injection for DCE-MRI, intravesical contrast-enhanced MRI (ICE-MRI) instills Gadolinium chelate (Gadobutrol) together with trace amounts of superparamagnetic agents for measurement of tumor volume, depth, and aggressiveness. ICE-MRI leverages leaky tight junctions to accelerate passive paracellular diffusion of Gadobutrol (604.71 Daltons) by treading the paracellular ingress pathway of fluorescein sodium and of mitomycin (<400 Daltons) into bladder tumor. The soaring cost of diagnosis and care of bladder cancer could be mitigated by reducing the use of expensive operating room resources with a potential non-surgical imaging option for cancer surveillance, thereby reducing over-diagnosis and over-treatment and increasing organ preservation.

Force oscillations underlying precision grip in humans with lesioned corticospinal tracts.

Stability of precision grip depends on the ability to regulate forces applied by the digits. Increased frequency composition and temporal irregularity of oscillations in the force signal are associated with enhanced force stability, which is thought to result from increased voluntary drive along the corticospinal tract (CST). There is limited knowledge of how these oscillations in force output are regulated in the context of dexterous hand movements like precision grip, which are often impaired by CST damage due to stroke. The extent of residual CST volume descending from primary motor cortex may help explain the ability to modulate force oscillations at higher frequencies. Here, stroke survivors with longstanding hand impairment (n = 17) and neurologically-intact controls (n = 14) performed a precision grip task requiring dynamic and isometric muscle contractions to scale and stabilize forces exerted on a sensor by the index finger and thumb. Diffusion spectrum imaging was used to quantify total white matter volume within the residual and intact CSTs of stroke survivors (n = 12) and CSTs of controls (n = 14). White matter volumes within the infarct region and an analogous portion of overlap with the CST, mirrored onto the intact side, were also quantified in stroke survivors. We found reduced ability to stabilize force and more restricted frequency ranges in force oscillations of stroke survivors relative to controls; though, more broadband, irregular output was strongly related to force-stabilizing ability in both groups. The frequency composition and temporal irregularity of force oscillations observed in stroke survivors did not correlate with maximal precision grip force, suggesting that it is not directly related to impaired force-generating capacity. The ratio of residual to intact CST volumes contained within infarct and mirrored compartments was associated with more broadband, irregular force oscillations in stroke survivors. Our findings provide insight into granular aspects of dexterity altered by corticospinal damage and supply preliminary evidence to support that the ability to modulate force oscillations at higher frequencies is explained, at least in part, by residual CST volume in stroke survivors.

Development of frontal GABA and glutamate supports excitation/inhibition balance from adolescence into adulthood.

Animal and human postmortem studies provide evidence for changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in prefrontal cortex (PFC) during adolescence, suggesting shifts in excitation and inhibition balance consistent with critical period plasticity. However, how GABA and glutamate change through adolescence and how the balance of these inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters changes is not well understood in vivo in humans. High field (7 Tesla) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging was used to investigate age-related changes in the balance of GABA/creatine (Cr) and glutamate/Cr in multiple developmentally-relevant regions of frontal cortex in 144 10-30-year-olds. Results indicated a homogenous pattern of age-related Glu/Cr decreases across regions, while age-related changes in GABA/Cr were heterogenous, with a mix of stable and decreasing age effects. Importantly, balance between glutamate/Cr and GABA/Cr in areas of frontal cortex increased through adolescence, suggesting the presence of critical period plasticity in frontal cortex at this significant time of development when adult trajectories are established.

Dynamic B0 shimming for multiband imaging using high order spherical harmonic shims.

PURPOSE: To describe and implement a strategy for dynamic slice-by-slice and multiband B0 shimming using spherical harmonic shims in the human brain at 7T. THEORY: For thin axial slices, spherical harmonic shims can be divided into pairs of shims (z-degenerate and non-z-degenerate) that are spatially degenerate, such that only ½ of the shims (non-z-degenerate) are required for single slice optimizations. However, when combined, the pairs of shims can be used to simultaneously generate the same in-plane symmetries but with different amplitudes as a function of their z location. This enables multiband shimming equivalent to that achievable by single slice-by-slice optimization. METHODS: All data were acquired at 7T using a spherical harmonic shim insert enabling shimming up through 4th order with two additional 5th order shims (1st-4th+). Dynamic shim updating was achieved using a 10A shim power supply with 2 ms ramps and constrained optimizations to minimize eddy currents. RESULTS: In groups of eight subjects, we demonstrated that: 1) dynamic updating using 1st-4th+ order shims reduced the SD of the B0 field over the whole brain from 32.4 ± 2.6 and 24.9 ± 2 Hz with 1st-2nd and 1st-4th+ static global shimming to 15.1 ± 1.7 Hz; 2) near equivalent performance was achieved when dynamically updating only the non-z-degenerate shims (14.3 ± 1.5 Hz), or when a using multiband shim factor of 2, MBs = 2, and all shims (14.4 ± 2.0 Hz). CONCLUSION: High order spherical harmonics provide substantial improvements over static global shimming and enable dynamic multiband shimming with near equivalent performance to that of dynamic slice-by-slice shimming. This reduces distortion in echo planar imaging.

First report of 68Ga-PRGD2 PET/MRI molecular imaging of vaso-occlusion in a patient with sickle cell disease.

Increased vascular cell adhesion (hyperadhesion) to the endothelium is responsible for the hallmark acute pain episodes, or vaso-occlusive crises (VOC), of sickle cell disease. The integrin αvß3 plays an important role in VOC since it mediates sickle red blood cell adhesion to the endothelium, a process that leads to ischemia and painful bone infarction. In the pilot study presented herein, we hypothesized that real-time imaging of hyperadhesion could quantify VOC severity and identify the most vulnerable anatomical sites. We also hypothesized that harnessing hyperadhesion as a proximate event in VOC would provide sensitive, objective evidence of VOC before pain has developed. Specifically, we tested whether positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of integrin αvß3 using the PET tracer 68Ga-PRGD2 would successfully image hyperadhesion associated with VOC in a patient with sickle cell disease. We observed persistently higher tracer uptake in the femurs during VOC compared to baseline. In the vessel, after an initial and transient increase during VOC, blood pool activity was similar between baseline and VOC. These findings suggest that PET imaging of integrin αvß3 may be a valuable strategy for imaging of VOC.

Diagnostic Value of FDG PET/MRI in Females With Pelvic Malignancy-A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Hybrid imaging with F-18 fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (FDG PET/MRI) has increasing clinical applications supplementing conventional ultrasound, CT, and MRI imaging as well as hybrid PET/CT imaging in assessing cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. This article summarizes the existing literature and discusses the emerging role of hybrid PET/MRI in gynecologic malignancies. Thus, far, the published literature on the applications of FDG PET/MRI shows that it can have a significant impact on patient management by improving the staging of the cancers compared with PET/CT, influencing clinical decision and treatment strategy. For disease restaging, current literature indicates that PET/MRI performs equivalently to PET/CT. There appears to be a mild-moderate inverse correlation between standard-uptake-value (SUV) and apparent-diffusion-coefficient (ADC) values, which could be used to predict tumor grading and risk stratification. It remains to be seen as to whether multi-parametric PET/MRI imaging could prove valuable for prognostication and outcome. PET/MRI provides the opportunity for reduced radiation exposure, which is particularly relevant for a young female in need of multiple scans for treatment monitoring and follow-up. Fast acquisition protocols and optimized methods for attenuation correction are still evolving. Major limitations of PET/MRI remains such as suboptimal detection of small pulmonary nodules and lack of utility for radiation treatment planning, which pose an impediment in making PET/MRI a viable one-stop-shop imaging option to compete with PET/CT.

18F-FDG PET/MRI Primary Staging of Cervical Cancer: A Pilot Study with PET/CT Comparison.

We report our PET/MRI experience from a pilot study that compared the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET/MRI versus PET/CT in staging of cervical cancer. Methods: Six adults with newly diagnosed cervical cancer underwent a single 18F-FDG injection with a dual-imaging protocol: standard-of-care PET/CT followed by research PET/MRI. The diagnostic interpretation and SUVmax for the 2 modalities were compared. Results: Both modalities detected all primary tumors (median size, 3.9 cm) and all 4 metastases present in 2 of the 6 patients (median size, 0.9 cm). PET/MRI provided greater diagnostic confidence than PET/CT and upstaged the disease in 4 patients. On the basis of the imaging findings alone, the additional information from PET/MRI would have led to a change in clinical management in 3 of 6 patients. The primary lesion showed a median SUV of 12.8 on PET/CT and 18.2 on PET/MRI (P = 0.03). SUVs, however, correlated strongly between the 2 modalities (ρ = 0.96, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our pilot study supports the notion that PET/MRI has the potential to impact clinical decisions and treatment strategies in women with cervical cancer. Further studies are, however, warranted to define the value that PET/MRI adds to PET/CT.

68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI for Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Pictorial Review.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) constitute a variety of neoplastic entities and exhibit variable degrees of neuroendocrine differentiation and phenotypes, as well as genetic profiles. Ga-DOTATATE PET is a novel imaging technique for NET. Although PET/CT is commonly utilized for oncologic imaging, PET/MRI is particularly suited for NETs, as MRI provides greater soft tissue contrast than CT, allowing for improved detection and characterization of NETs, particularly when liver metastasis is suspected or needs to be ruled out. The current pictorial review aims to illustrate the complementary advantages, as well as pitfalls of Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI in the evaluation of NETs.

18F-Fluciclovine PET/MRI in a Patient With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Correlated With 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A 32-year-old woman with a FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage IIA invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix underwent a clinical FDG PET/CT scan, which revealed intense uptake in the primary. On research F-fluciclovine PET/MRI, the primary showed elevated fluciclovine uptake at 5 and 40 minutes after radiotracer injection, with no evidence of regional or distant metastasis. Fluciclovine PET may have diagnostic value for cervical cancer imaging with a potential advantage over FDG of minimal urinary activity from renal excretion; however, in this patient, the metabolic activity was inferior to that of FDG PET.

Interslice current change constrained B0 shim optimization for accurate high-order dynamic shim updating with strongly reduced eddy currents.

PURPOSE: To overcome existing challenges in dynamic B0 shimming by implementing a shim optimization algorithm which limits shim current amplitudes and their temporal variation through the application of constraints and regularization terms. THEORY AND METHODS: Spherical harmonic dynamic B0 shimming is complicated by eddy currents, ill-posed optimizations, and the need for strong power supplies. Based on the fact that eddy current amplitudes are proportional to the magnitude of the shim current changes, and assuming a smoothness of the B0 inhomogeneity variation in the slice direction, a novel algorithm was implemented to reduce eddy current generation by limiting interslice shim current changes. Shim degeneracy issues and resulting high current amplitudes are additionally addressed by penalizing high solution norms. Applicability of the proposed algorithm was validated in simulations and in phantom and in vivo measurements. RESULTS: High-order dynamic shimming simulations and measurements have shown that absolute shim current amplitudes and their temporal variation can be substantially reduced with negligible loss in achievable B0 homogeneity. Whereas conventional dynamic shim updating optimizations improve the B0 homogeneity, on average, by a factor of 2.1 over second-order static solutions, our proposed routine reached a factor of 2.0, while simultaneously providing a 14-fold reduction of the average maximum shim current changes. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed algorithm substantially reduces the shim amplitudes and their temporal variation, while only marginally affecting the achievable B0  homogeneity. As a result, it has the potential to mitigate the remaining challenges in dynamic B0 shimming and help in making its application more readily available.

Determining Subject-Specific Lower-Limb Muscle Architecture Data for Musculoskeletal Models Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging.

Accurate individualized muscle architecture data are crucial for generating subject-specific musculoskeletal models to investigate movement and dynamic muscle function. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has emerged as a promising method of gathering muscle architecture data in vivo; however, its accuracy in estimating parameters such as muscle fiber lengths for creating subject-specific musculoskeletal models has not been tested. Here, we provide a validation of the method of using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI to gather muscle architecture data in vivo by directly comparing those data obtained from MR scans of three human cadaveric lower limbs to those from dissections. DTI was used to measure fiber lengths and pennation angles, while the anatomical images were used to estimate muscle mass, which were used to calculate physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). The same data were then obtained through dissections, where it was found that on average muscle masses and fiber lengths matched well between the two methods (4% and 1% differences, respectively), while PCSA values had slightly larger differences (6%). Overall, these results suggest that DTI is a promising technique to gather in vivo muscle architecture data, but further refinement and complementary imaging techniques may be needed to realize these goals.

Cerebrospinal fluid-suppressed T2 -weighted MR imaging at 7 T for human brain.

PURPOSE: T2 -weighted lesional imaging is most commonly performed using inversion recovery turbo spin echoes. At 7 T, however, this acquisition is limited for specific absorption rate and resolution. This work describes and implements a method to generate CSF-suppressed T2 -weighted imaging. METHODS: The strategy uses a driven equilibrium spin-echo preparation within an inversion recovery with multiple 3D gradient-echo imaging blocks. Images are combined using the self-normalization approach, which achieves CSF suppression through optimized timing of individual blocks and minimizes sources of variation due to coil receptivity, T2* , and proton density. Simulations of the magnetization-prepared fluid-attenuated inversion recovery gradient-echo (MPFLAGRE) method over T1 and T2 relaxation values are performed, and in vivo demonstrations using an 8 × 2 transceiver array in healthy controls are shown. RESULTS: The specific absorption rate of the calculated MPFLAGRE sequence is 11.1 ± 0.5 W (n = 5 volunteers), which is 74 ± 2% of the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. This method acquires both contrasts for CSF suppression with detection of long T2 components and T2 -weighted imaging in a single acquisition. In healthy controls, the former contrast generates increased signal in the cortical rim and ependyma. A comparison is shown with a conventional 3D SPACE fluid-attenuated inversion recovery acquisition, and sensitivity to pathology is demonstrated in an epilepsy patient. CONCLUSION: As applied with the 8 × 2 transceiver, the MPFLAGRE sequence generates both whole-brain contrast suitable for lesional and T2 -weighted imaging at 7 T in fewer than 10 minutes within the US Food and Drug Administration's specific absorption rate guidelines.

Recent advances in imaging and understanding interstitial cystitis.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a debilitating condition associated with intense pelvic pain and bladder storage symptoms. Since diagnosis is difficult, prevalence estimates vary with the methodology used. There is also a lack of proven imaging tools and biomarkers to assist in differentiation of IC/BPS from other urinary disorders (overactive bladder, vulvodynia, endometriosis, and prostatitis). Current uncertainty regarding the etiology and pathology of IC/BPS ultimately impacts its timely and successful treatment, as well as hampers future drug development. This review will cover recent developments in imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging, that advance the understanding of IC/BPS and guide drug development.

Novel contrast mixture achieves contrast resolution of human bladder wall suitable for T1 mapping: applications in interstitial cystitis and beyond.

PURPOSE: Instillation of novel contrast mixture (NCM) was recently shown to improve the contrast resolution of rat bladder wall with high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Here, the clinical safety and the feasibility of NCM-enhanced MRI to achieve artifact-free visualization of human bladder wall suitable for quantitative measurement of the magnetic resonance (MR) longitudinal relaxation time (T1) was assessed. METHODS: Six female subjects [two controls and two with Hunner-type interstitial cystitis IC and two with non-Hunner-type IC] consented for MRI at 3 T before and after instillation of NCM [4 mM gadobutrol and 5 mM ferumoxytol in 50 mL of sterile water for injection]. Single breath-hold fast MR acquisition in large readout bandwidth for 5-mm-thick single slice with variable flip angle was applied to minimize the motion and chemical shift artifacts in measurements of bladder wall thickness (BWT), CNR and T1 from 20 pixels. RESULTS: NCM instillation in subjects did not evoke pain or discomfort. Fourfold increase in bladder wall CNR (*p < 0.02) and pixel size of 0.35 mm with minimal influence of artifacts allowed accurate determination of bladder wall thinning ~ 0.46 mm from 50 mL NCM (*p < 0.05). Pre-contrast bladder wall T1 of 1544 ± 34.2 ms was shortened to 860.09 ± 13.95 ms in Hunner-type IC (*p < 0.0001) relative to only 1257.42 ± 20.59 and 1258.16 ± 6.16 ms in non-Hunner-type IC and controls, respectively. CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrate the safety and feasibility of NCM-enhanced MRI to achieve artifact-free differential contrast and spatial resolution of human bladder wall, which is suitable for measuring BWT and pixel-wise measurement of T1 in post-contrast setting.